Compound prepositions and prepositional phrases

Learn how Romanian multiword prepositions and prepositional locutions are built, what case they govern, and how to avoid translating them word for word.

Romanian often expresses one relation with a multiword unit rather than a single preposition: Cheile sunt în fața casei. (The keys are in front of the house.) The unit în fața is a prepositional locution, and it governs the genitive form casei. Other units, such as în loc de (instead of), take an accusative-shaped complement, while the one-word preposition datorită (thanks to) takes the dative. Learn the whole unit and its government together.

What counts as a compound preposition or locution?

A compound preposition combines two or more prepositions; a prepositional locution combines a preposition with another word, often a noun that has become part of a fixed relation. The number of words does not by itself predict the case: the complete unit selects the form of its complement.

PatternHow it is builtExample and complement
Compound prepositionTwo or more prepositionsde la gară (from the station), with an accusative complement
Prepositional locutionPreposition + a lexical element inside a fixed unitîn fața casei (in front of the house), with a genitive complement
One-word case-selecting prepositionA single preposition with its own governmentdatorită ajutorului (thanks to the help), with a dative complement

Romanian spelling keeps the multiword units taught here separate: în fața, în loc de, and cu privire la are not written as one word. That spelling does not make them freely compositional. In particular, fața, spatele, jurul, and cauza are part of the locution in the patterns taught here; do not replace their following genitive with an accusative simply because the first word is în or din.

Which locutions take the genitive?

Many common locutions for location, time, cause, purpose, and related meanings take a following noun phrase in the genitive; the selected set below includes în fața and din cauza. Romanian genitive and dative forms are often identical, so the governing locution and the meaning of the phrase identify the case.

LocutionMeaningNeutral example
în fațain front ofAșteptăm în fața bibliotecii. (We are waiting in front of the library.)
în spatelebehindBicicleta este în spatele garajului. (The bicycle is behind the garage.)
în jurularoundCopiii aleargă în jurul copacului. (The children are running around the tree.)
din cauzabecause ofTrenul întârzie din cauza ceții. (The train is late because of the fog.)
în timpulduringNu vorbi în timpul filmului. (Do not talk during the film.)
în privințaregarding, concerningAm o întrebare în privința programului. (I have a question about the schedule.)
în vedereafor, with a view toNe pregătim în vederea examenului. (We are preparing for the exam.)
în loculin the place of, instead ofA vorbit în locul colegei. (He or she spoke in place of the colleague.)

The following forms are often visible: bibliotecii (of the library), garajului (of the garage), copacului (of the tree), and ceții (of the fog). These are not new endings created by the locution; they are ordinary genitive-dative forms whose role is fixed here by a genitive-selecting unit. For the broader noun forms, see genitive and dative noun forms and prepositions that take the genitive.

Which multiword units take the accusative?

Several compounds and locutions end in a simple accusative preposition, so their complement is accusative: de la, de pe, pe lângă, and în loc de. Current relational locutions such as față de also take an accusative-shaped noun phrase, and cu privire la is a formal written way to introduce a topic; after its final la, use the ordinary accusative pattern.

UnitMeaningAccusative complement
de lafrom; associated withVin de la piață. (I am coming from the market.)
de pefrom off, from onIa paharul de pe masă. (Take the glass off the table.)
pe lângănear, past, byTrecem pe lângă stadion. (We are passing by the stadium.)
în loc deinstead ofA ales apă în loc de suc. (He or she chose water instead of juice.)
față detowards, compared with, regardingAtitudinea lui față de mine s-a schimbat. (His attitude towards me has changed.)
cu privire laregarding, concerning; formal written styleAm trimis un mesaj cu privire la proiect. (I sent a message concerning the project.)

With a noun, the accusative may have no visible special ending: de la piață and în loc de suc are identified by the unit and the sentence role. With a personal pronoun, the contrast is clearer: în loc de mine (instead of me) and față de el (towards him), not dative mie or lui in those accusative patterns. For the wider accusative inventory, see prepositions that take the accusative.

Why is datorită different?

Datorită is a one-word preposition, not a compound or a locution, but it belongs in this lesson because it is a frequent advanced case-selection contrast. In the standard pattern described by Cojocaru, datorită, grație, and mulțumită take the dative and commonly express a favorable cause: Am reușit datorită ajutorului tău. (I succeeded thanks to your help.)

RelationConstructionExample
Cause with a negative or neutral resultdin cauza + genitiveAm întârziat din cauza traficului. (I was late because of the traffic.)
Cause with a favorable resultdatorită + dativeAm terminat proiectul datorită colegei. (I finished the project thanks to my colleague.)
Same visible ending, different governmenttraficului can be genitive here; colegei is dative hereThe preposition, not the ending alone, identifies the case.

Do not turn this contrast into an English-shaped rule that datorită must always sound enthusiastic or that din cauza is always the only possible cause phrase. The useful learner decision is grammatical and semantic: memorize the government, then choose the relation you mean. See prepositions that take the dative for the small dative-selecting set.

How do you distinguish literal location from a fixed relation?

Some locutions still contain a noun with a concrete meaning, but the full expression has a grammaticalized relation. Treat în fața casei as the standard unit for “in front of the house,” not as free în plus an accusative față. Similarly, în jurul parcului means “around the park,” and din cauza ploii means “because of the rain,” not a literal movement out of a cause.

Do not generalize fromUseReason
în casă (in the house)în fața casei (in front of the house)Simple în takes an accusative complement; în fața takes a genitive complement.
în loc de cafea (instead of coffee)în locul colegei (in place of the colleague)în loc de is an accusative pattern; în locul is a genitive-selecting locution.
în jurul parcului (around the park)în parc (in the park)The two phrases express different spatial relations and select different constructions.

What forms should you use after these units?

Keep the complement as a complete noun phrase. For a genitive locution, use forms such as casei, hotelului, or problemei: în fața casei, în spatele hotelului, în privința problemei. For an accusative unit, use forms such as mine, el, or proiectul: în loc de mine, față de el, cu privire la proiectul nostru. For dative datorită, use forms such as colegei, profesorului, or lui: datorită colegei, datorită profesorului, datorită lui.

  • Do not write în fața casa or în jurul parc when you mean “in front of the house” or “around the park”; the complement is genitive: în fața casei, în jurul parcului.
  • Do not replace în loc de with în locul de. Choose în loc de cafea for the accusative pattern, or în locul colegei for the genitive pattern.
  • Do not use the dative pronoun after an accusative unit: în loc de mine and față de el, not în loc de mie or față de lui.
  • Do not assume that every phrase beginning with în or din takes the accusative. Compare simple în parc with locution în jurul parcului and din oraș with din cauza ploii.
  • In formal writing, cu privire la is a useful topic phrase, but it is not a universal replacement for every shorter preposition meaning “about.”
  1. Which phrase uses a genitive-selecting location locution?

    • în loc de cafea
    • față de mine
    • în fața casei
    • datorită colegului

    În fața is a prepositional locution meaning “in front of” and it governs the genitive: casei. În loc de and față de are accusative patterns, while datorită governs the dative.

  2. Choose the form that completes the meaning “The dog is behind the house”: Câinele este în spatele ___.

    • casă
    • casei
    • casa
    • caselor

    The singular noun “house” appears as genitive casei after în spatele. Casă is indefinite nominative/accusative, casa is definite nominative/accusative, and caselor is plural genitive-dative.

  3. Which sentence uses the standard dative pattern for “thanks to the teacher”?

    • Am reușit datorită profesor.
    • Am reușit datorită profesorul.
    • Am reușit datorită profesori.
    • Am reușit datorită profesorului.

    Datorită selects the dative, and the definite masculine singular form is profesorului. The other options omit the ending, use a nominative/accusative form, or use the plural.

  4. Which option is the accusative-taking compound în loc de?

    • în loc de cafea
    • în fața cafelei
    • datorită cafelei
    • în locul cafelei

    The fixed unit în loc de means “instead of” and takes an accusative complement: cafea. În locul cafelei is a different, genitive-selecting pattern with locul, while the other options illustrate genitive or dative government.

  5. Which sentence uses the formal relational locution meaning “concerning the project”?

    • Discutăm în jurul proiectului.
    • Discutăm din cauza proiectului.
    • Discutăm datorită proiectului.
    • Discutăm cu privire la proiect.

    Cu privire la is a formal written locution meaning “regarding” or “concerning,” followed by the ordinary accusative pattern after la. The other phrases mean “around,” “because of,” and “thanks to,” so they express different relations.

Test yourself

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Which phrase uses a genitive-selecting location locution?
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